Civil Rights Leaders Archives | History Cooperative

Ruby Bridges: The Open Door Policy of Forced Desegregation

In the 1960s, the political climate in America was beginning to change. The country had in previous history been steeped in racism against African Americans and the majority of the nation was considered to be a segregated country. There were separate schools for races, separate water fountains there were restaurants that said “whites only” and …

By Any Means Necessary: Malcolm X’s Controversial Struggle for Black Freedom

by James Hardy

In the 1960s, the United States was shaken by racial tensions and fledgling social movements. Discouraged by the shortcomings of the civil rights movement and its apparent inability to secure freedom and self-determination for African American people, Malcolm X uttered the motto that would electrify black communities for decades: …to fight whoever gets in our …