Who is next in line in the Japanese royal family?
The current heir to the Japanese throne is Crown Prince Fumihito, also known as Prince Akishino, the younger brother of Emperor Naruhito. After Crown Prince Fumihito, the next in line to the Japanese throne is his son, Prince Hisahito.
What happens if a Japanese prince marries a commoner?
If a Japanese prince marries a commoner, he keeps his royal status and position within the imperial family. This differs from the rule for female royals, who lose their imperial status if they marry a commoner. This happened with Princess Mako, who married Kei Komuro in 2021 and became a private citizen.
Where is the Japanese royal family located?
The Japanese royal family primarily resides at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo, a large, historic estate that serves as their home and main office for official duties. The Imperial Palace grounds are surrounded by beautiful gardens, making it an important symbol for the Japanese public as well as the imperial family.
When did the Japanese royal family start?
Tradition maintains that the Japanese royal family began with Emperor Jimmu, the legendary first Japanese emperor, who ascended the throne in 660 BCE. Since then, the imperial family has continued in an unbroken line, leading to today’s Emperor Naruhito.
Why does Japan have a king?
Japan does not have a king; it has an emperor. The Japanese imperial family claims descent from the sun goddess Amaterasu, which gives the emperor unique spiritual and cultural significance. Today, the emperor represents continuity, tradition, and unity for the Japanese public in a largely ceremonial role.
How far back does the Japanese royal family go?
The Japanese royal family dates back over 2,600 years, making it the oldest monarchy in the world.
Table of Contents
The Origins of the Japanese Monarchy
The Japanese monarchy is over a thousand years old, starting with the legendary Emperor Jimmu in 660 BCE. Early emperors held both political and religious power, linking the royal family to divine origins. Over time, their role shifted to more ceremonial duties.
Mythological Beginnings
The mythological origins of Japan’s monarchy begin with Amaterasu, the sun goddess and queen of heaven and creation, who is said to be the ancestor of the imperial family. According to legend, she sent her grandson, Ninigi, to Earth to rule Japan, establishing a divine connection to the imperial line.
This connection to Amaterasu gave early emperors a sense of sacred authority. They were respected as both rulers and spiritual leaders by the Japanese people.
The first of these emperors was Emperor Jimmu, the legendary first ruler of Japan, who is believed to have started the long line of imperial family members.[1]
While any remaining details of Jimmu’s reign are mostly mythological, his story has been crucial in linking the imperial family to the gods and reinforcing their unique status in Japanese culture and governance.
The Yamato Period
The Yamato Period, which began around the third century BCE, is considered the foundation of Japan’s imperial line. During this time, clans in the Yamato region united and established control over much of Japan.[2]
Over time, they developed a structured government that led to the centralization of power under a single family, an important step for the early Japanese government. This shift helped shape the political landscape and established the framework for the Imperial House of Japan.
The culture of this period intertwined the ruling family’s lineage with Shinto mythology, which may have something to do with the assumption of their descent from the sun goddess Amaterasu.
This connection reinforced the family’s divine right to rule and the notion of the emperor as both a political leader and a spiritual figure, a tradition that deeply influenced Japanese culture and governance.
The Yamato Period also formalized rituals and traditions that solidified the emperor’s divine status, embedding this belief into the national identity and ensuring its continuity for centuries.
Major Dynasties and Imperial Eras
Throughout Japan’s long history, several important dynasties and eras have significantly changed how the monarchy operated and influenced Japanese culture, politics, and society.
Japan has seen 248 named eras, the most recent according to the Era Name law of 1979. Here are some of the most important eras as well as notable periods in history.
The Heian Period (794–1185)
The word heian translates to “peace” or “tranquility” in Japanese. It is named after Heian-kyō, Japan’s capital city during this period—modern-day Kyoto, which holds a place in Japanese cultural history as the golden age of the imperial family.
The capital was moved to Kyoto by Emperor Kanmu, where the imperial family resided within the palace, firmly establishing Kyoto as Japan’s political and cultural heart and setting the stage for the Heian court’s dominance.
The court became the center of Japan’s art, literature, and poetry throughout this era, heavily influencing the country’s identity.
The refined culture of the Heian Period is exemplified by iconic works such as The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu and The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon, which reflect the sophistication of court life, with its focus on poetry, aesthetics, and elaborate rituals.
Even today, the elegance of Heian court life is celebrated as a key moment in Japan’s past, remembered through classical works of Japanese language and literature that court members wrote.
The imperial family members were deeply involved in shaping Japanese politics by acting as patrons of art and literature and maintaining close alliances with powerful noble families, like the Fujiwara clan, who often married into the royal line to consolidate influence.
This direct involvement in government and cultural promotion solidified their central societal role. As the imperial family flourished, so did its control over the land, although, over time, real political power began to shift to influential families outside the court.
The Kamakura Shogunate and Decline of Imperial Power
The rise of the Kamakura Shogunate in 1192 signaled a significant shift in Japan’s political landscape as military leaders, or shoguns, took control through gradual military consolidation and strategic alliances.
This transition was driven by the defeat of the Taira clan in the Genpei War (1180–1185) by Minamoto no Yoritomo, who established himself as the first shogun.
The victory not only ended the dominance of the Taira clan but also marked the decline of the Imperial Court’s power, as Yoritomo was granted the title of Sei-i Taishōgun (barbarian-subduing generalissimo), giving him military and administrative authority.
While the imperial family remained in place, their political power faded, and the shoguns, backed by the powerful samurai class, established a military government that effectively took control of Japan.
The imperial family members continued to perform ceremonial duties, but the actual government of Japan was now in the hands of the samurai class.
The shoguns were governed by a strict military code and established the bakufu, or shogunate, which functioned as a parallel government to the Imperial Court. They implemented reforms to stabilize Japan, including land management systems to reward loyal vassals and tax reforms to fund their administration.
At the same time, the imperial family held symbolic importance. The shoguns maintained real control and sometimes clashed with the court over policy and power.
The relationship between the shoguns and the Imperial Court was often tense but pragmatic. Even though the imperial family had less political power, their connection to Japan’s religious and cultural traditions kept them relevant.
The Meiji Restoration (1868)
The Meiji Restoration of 1868 was a transformative period in Japanese history, defined by the restoration of imperial rule and a shift toward modernity.
The term meiji translates to “enlightened rule,” reflecting the era’s goals of reform and progress. This period marked the beginning of Japan’s journey from a feudal society to a centralized, industrialized nation capable of competing globally.
During this time, the emperor was redefined as a constitutional figurehead, symbolizing unity, while the actual governing of Japan shifted to a modern state structure.
This era saw Japan rapidly adopt Western ideas and practices, including industrialization and military reforms, which propelled the country into the modern world.
The government implemented sweeping changes in education, transportation, and communication systems, fostering innovation and economic growth.
The constitution of Japan helped define the emperor’s new status as a constitutional figurehead, solidifying the balance between maintaining heritage and pushing toward Westernization.
Notable Emperors and Royal Figures
Over Japan’s history, many emperors and royal figures have molded its political landscape, while others influenced culture and traditions.
Emperor Jimmu
Emperor Jimmu’s reign, which may have begun around 660 BCE, is credited with establishing the Imperial House of Japan and marking the start of a unified monarchy.
According to legend, Jimmu, as a descendant of the Japanese goddess of the sun, Amaterasu, symbolized divine authority, which became a cornerstone of Japan’s imperial legitimacy. This divine connection helped solidify the role of the emperor as both a spiritual and political leader.
In addition to his symbolic influence, Emperor Jimmu is traditionally associated with consolidating regional clans under one centralized leadership. He set the stage for a structured government system that would later evolve from warring factions into Japan’s imperial state.
While his reign is largely mythological, the tales surrounding Jimmu underscore the importance of divine ancestry and centralized power in shaping Japan’s early political and cultural identity.
Emperor Meiji (1852–1912)
Emperor Meiji played a key part in transforming Japan from a feudal society into a modern, industrialized nation throughout the Meiji Restoration. His reign, known as the Meiji era, saw the country embrace Western technology, education, and military systems, all while preserving its cultural identity.
Under Emperor Meiji, Japan moved away from its isolationist policies, opening up trade and diplomacy with Western nations. This shift modernized Japan and helped the imperial family regain its prominence, as the emperor became a symbol of the nation’s progress and unity.
The emperor’s image was crucial in rallying the people behind Japan’s rapid modernization, from infrastructure development to the creation of new institutions, such as the Bank of Japan.
Emperor Hirohito (Showa Era, 1901–1989)
Emperor Hirohito, who reigned during the Showa era (1901–1989), led Japan through one of its most turbulent and transformative periods. His reign is particularly notable for Japan’s role in World War II, from which came the country’s military expansion and eventual defeat, leaving a devastating yet lasting impact.
Although Hirohito was the country’s monarch during the war, his exact involvement in Japan’s military decisions remains a subject of debate. After Japan’s surrender in 1945, Hirohito remained on the throne but renounced his divine status as part of the postwar reforms.[6]
Under the new constitution of Japan, the emperor’s role became symbolic, and Japan transitioned into a peaceful, democratic nation. Postwar, Emperor Hirohito played a crucial part in Japan’s recovery and transformation into a modern and economically powerful country.
Following his death, his son, Akihito, took the throne.
Emperor Akihito
Emperor Akihito’s abdication in 2019 was a significant moment in Japan’s modern history. He became the first monarch to step down in over 200 years.[7] His decision to abdicate resulted from his age and declining health; he felt he could no longer perform his duties effectively.
This move required changes to Imperial House law, allowing him to pass the throne to his eldest son, Crown Prince Naruhito.
Akihito’s abdication signaled the end of the Heisei era (heisei: “achieving peace”), which had represented a time of relative stability and recovery in Japan after the turbulent Showa era. It reflected Emperor Akihito’s vision of fostering peace both domestically and internationally.
The name for the Reiwa era (reiwa: “beautiful harmony”) was chosen by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to signify a new beginning, blending traditional Japanese values with aspirations for a harmonious and modern society under Emperor Naruhito and Empress Masako.
As he stepped down, Akihito became Emperor Emeritus Akihito, and his wife Empress Emerita Michiko.
Emperor Naruhito
Emperor Naruhito took the throne in 2019, ushering in the Reiwa era after his father, Emperor Emeritus Akihito, stepped down.
As the current head of Japan’s imperial family, Naruhito has prioritized diplomacy, representing Japan on the global stage while also focusing on preserving the country’s rich cultural heritage.
With an education from Gakushuin University and Oxford, he brings a modern outlook to his position, though he remains deeply connected to Japan’s traditions.
Alongside his diplomatic work, Emperor Naruhito, together with Empress Masako, takes part in various cultural and ceremonial duties.
For example, he has emphasized the importance of environmental issues, such as water conservation, while also supporting the preservation of traditional Japanese festivals and rituals, like the Daijosai, a key imperial ceremony marking his accession.
Empress Masako, a Harvard-educated diplomat, married Naruhito in June 1993, and the couple has one daughter, Princess Aiko, born in 2001.
Naruhito’s younger brother and the heir presumptive, Prince Fumihito, also plays a crucial role in supporting the family’s public duties by representing the imperial family at official events, fostering international relations through diplomatic visits, and advocating for cultural preservation.[8]
Despite their responsibilities, the imperial family faces ongoing challenges and public scrutiny, especially when it comes to issues like imperial succession and the modern expectations placed on royalty in Japan.
The Role of the Imperial Family Today
Today, the imperial family embodies the history and traditions of the nation, holding no political authority.
Modern Status of the Imperial Family
Although the emperor no longer has political power, the family remains influential in cultural events and national traditions. For example, Emperor Naruhito and Crown Princess Kiko actively participate in ceremonies such as the annual New Year’s greeting and other important rituals at the Kyoto Imperial Palace.
Along with other imperial family members, such as Prince Fumihito, the imperial family is tasked with maintaining a strong connection between Japan’s ancient heritage and contemporary society.
Line of Succession
The current line of succession in Japan follows strict male primogeniture, meaning only male descendants of the imperial family can inherit the Chrysanthemum Throne, a term that draws its name from the chrysanthemum flower, which has been the emblem of the imperial family since the eighth century.
This system is based on the Imperial House Law of 1947, supported by traditionalists who wanted to maintain a male-only line.[9]
These supporters believed keeping the throne within the male line was essential to preserving Japan’s historical legacy. The Japanese government at the time also played a part in upholding this law.
However, over the years, there has been debate about allowing women to ascend the throne, especially as the number of male heirs has dwindled.
As it stands, Prince Hisahito, the youngest child of Prince Fumihito (Emperor Naruhito’s younger brother), is next in line after his father.
Challenges and Contemporary Issues
One of the biggest challenges facing Japan’s imperial family today is the decreasing number of male heirs, sparking debates about the throne’s future. This has raised discussions about whether women, like Princess Aiko, the daughter of Emperor Naruhito, should be allowed to inherit the throne.
With female figures such as Princess Kako already playing visible roles in public life, the issue of succession remains a key concern for Japan’s royal family and its future.
Additionally, Princess Mako’s recent marriage to Kei Komuro and her decision to leave the imperial family fueled debates about tradition versus personal choice.
Public focus also includes younger members like Prince Hisahito and his future as an heir. As the only male of his generation in the imperial family, Hisahito is currently third in line to the throne, making him a pivotal figure in the succession debate.
The possibility of changing the Imperial House Law to allow women to ascend the throne has gained support among younger generations, highlighting a generational shift in attitudes toward gender equality in Japan’s monarchy.[10]
Although the imperial family’s symbolic importance is widely acknowledged, younger generations are more open to changes in the strict rules of the monarchy, particularly regarding gender and succession.
Wrapping Up the Japanese Royal Family Tree
The Japanese royal family’s impressively long dynasty has had its fair share of ups and downs, and it no doubt will see many more.
References
- RoYuMi. 2023. “Exploring the Roots of Japan: Emperor Jimmu and His Legendary Legacy.” royumi.com/https://royumi.com/exploring-the-roots-of-japan-emperor-jimmu-and-his-legendary-legacy/?srsltid=AfmBOooL1ra4OeTA6QWSWimdNeN8tDLpLP4wLH9_C2vBYBr2TpZ1ybdl.
- University of Pittsburgh. n.d. Yamato Period (250–710).
https://www.japanpitt.pitt.edu/timeline/yamato-period-250-710#:~:text=The%20 Yamato%20 Period%2C%20 commonly%20broken,in%20yellow%20on%20the%20map).
- Lau, James. 2024. “Heian Era: Five Important Facts You Should Know!” Sakuraco.
https://blog.sakura.co/blog/heian-era-five-important-facts-you-should-know/.
- National Geographic Society. 2024. “Aug 21, 1192 CE: First Shogunate in Japan.”
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/first-shogunate-japan/.
- Asia for Educators. n.d. “The Meiji Restoration and Modernization.”
https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1750_meiji.htm.
- Turmbull, Robert. 1989. “A Leader Who Took Japan to War, to Surrender, and Finally to Peace.” New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/07/obituaries/a-leader-who-took-japan-to-war-to-surrender-and-finally-to-peace.html.
- Al-Hamily, Ahmad and Miyoko Ishigami. 2019. “Emperor Akihito’s throne abdication. What does it means to Japan, the world?” KUNA: Kuwait News Agency.
https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2774195&language=en.
- KYODO News. 2023. “Japan Crown Prince Says Review of Official Royal Duties Required.”
https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2023/11/fef0d7f0389e-japan-crown-prince-says-review-of-official-royal-duties-required.html.
- Baker, Brandon. 2019. “Japan’s modern monarchy: How it works.” PennToday.
https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/japans-modern-monarchy-how-it-works.
- Ryall, Julian. 2024. “Can Japan Have an Empress? Conservatives Slam UN Call to Amend Succession Law.” South China Morning Post.
https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3285290/can-japan-have-empress-conservatives-slam-un-call-amend-succession-law.